Documentary Collection

Introduction to Bank Guarantee

A Bank Guarantee is a type of financial backstop offered by a lending institution. The bank guarantee means that the lender will ensure that the liabilities of a debtor will be met. In other words, if the debtor fails to settle a debt, the bank will cover it. A Bank Guarantee enables the customer, or debtor, to acquire goods, buy equipment or draw down a loan.

Key Benefits

✓ Documentary Collection is a method of trade finance in which an exporter’s bank forwards documents to an importer’s bank and collects payment for shipped goods.
✓ Documentary Collection is less common than advance cash payment and open account terms, particularly in countries with weak enforcement of contracts.
✓ Documents against payment require the importer to pay the amount of the draft at sight. Documents against acceptance require payment by a specified date.

Understanding Documentary Collection

Documentary Collection is so-called because the exporter receives payment from the importer in exchange for the shipping documents. Shipping documents are required for the buyer to clear the goods through customs and take delivery. They include and not limited to a commercial invoice, certificate of origin, insurance certificate, packing list, etc.

A key document in a Documentary Collection is a bill of exchange or draft, which is a formal demand for payment from the exporter to the importer.

Documentary collection is less common than other forms of trade finance, such as letters of credit and advance payment. It is less expensive than some methods but also somewhat riskier, so is generally limited to transactions between parties who have developed trust or are located in countries with strong legal systems and contract enforcement.

A sight draft reduces the exporter’s risk because the buyer’s bank will not release the documents without payment from the buyer, but neither side’s bank assumes any financial responsibility in a documentary collection transaction.

Immediate Payment with Documents Against Payment (D/P)
Deferred Payment via Documents Against Acceptance (D/A

Two Types of Documentary Collection

Documentary collections fall into two basic categories, depending on when the payment is made to the exporter:

Documents against payment require the importer to pay the face amount of the draft at sight. In other words, the payment must be made to the bank when the buyer is presented with the draft, and before any shipping documents are released. This is the most common form of the documentary collection because of the reduced risk for the seller.
Documents against acceptance require the importer to pay on a specified date. Once the buyer accepts the time draft, the bank releases the documents to the buyer.

Steps in Export and Documentary Collection

Below is an example of a step-by-step process:

The sale is made when the buyer and seller agree on the amount to be paid, the shipping details, and that the transaction will be a Documentary Collection. Then, the exporter delivers the goods to the port or location where the merchandise will be exported from, which is usually through a freight forwarder.
The documents are prepared and sent to the exporter’s bank which is also known as the remitting bank. The exporter’s bank then forwards the documents to the importer’s bank, which is known as the collecting bank.
The importer’s or buyer’s bank receives the documents and notifies the buyer that documents have been received. The buyer’s bank requests payment from the buyer in exchange for the documents.
Once the buyer’s bank has been paid, or the buyer has accepted the time draft, the bank releases the documents to the buyer. The buyer uses the documents to collect the merchandise.